Header

Header
1983 Porsche 911 SC Targa

Tuesday, December 4, 2012

First Charge Complete: Balancing the Cells, part 2

 A few months back I started charging the cells for the first time. Details of the equipment and process are recorded here in a previous post: http://eporsche911.blogspot.com/2012/10/balancing-cells.html
The charge took 20 days. The charger I will use in regular service will charge an empty pack in 8-10 hours, but the first charge is done more carefully, with the goal of getting all of the cells fully charged and to within a few millivolts of each other.

I measured each cell quite frequently, and immediately noticed that the cells connected closer to the charger where rising in voltage faster than cells farther away. So I added a few extra wire runs from the charger to the cells in the pack.
You can see new spikes in the chart when the new connections were made. When the cells reached about 3.38 volts, I noticed that the voltage would increase faster than cells below 3.38 volts. This is a know pattern called a “knee” that occurs when the battery is nearing full charge and cannot as readily accept additional charge. The voltage for the knee is not a fixed value, but depends on how rapidly the cells are being charged.

This graph shows the average, minimum, and maximum voltage of the cells. The range of cell voltage was about 30 millivolts while under charge, but settles to within 0.2 millivolts within 24 hours of switching the charger off.

Once the charge was complete, I observed that the cell voltage decayed exponentially. In fact, I was able to curve fit the voltage fairly well. The so called resting voltage of my cells, at near full charge, is 3.3735 volts.

Lithium cells are said to be Coulomb efficient. Almost all of the electrons that are pumped into the cell are stored and available for use at a later time. The electrons do not leak internally across the terminals. The practical implication is that the cell does not self discharge while on the shelf. It also means that I shouldn’t have to repeat the balancing procedure again, because the cells tend not to drift out of balance over time. Being charge efficient does not mean that the cell is 100% energy efficient. To charge the battery, the voltage must be held higher than the resting voltage, and during discharge the cell will sag to a lower voltage. The difference in voltage is how the cell can lose energy, but not electrons during charge/discharge cycling. This variable voltage, and more specifically the slow relaxation time after a charge or discharge event, makes it difficult to accurately determine the battery state-of-charge (how full it is) based on voltage. A compromise to an accurate multiday charging process is to charge at a fixed current until the cells reach a specified voltage, and then hold the set voltage until the current has dropped to a specified current. This charge profile is called, “constant current, constant voltage” and gives a more predictable indication of where the settled voltage may end up. Under driving conditions, where the discharge current is wildly variable, I will be using an amp-hour meter to count how many electrons I have used, and this gives an accurate measure for state-of-charge, once I’ve determined where full is during the initial charge.

6 comments:

  1. Can't wait to see the performance of your car with the new gray cells!.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Me too. It is taking longer than I expected to make battery boxes. This car is full of curves.

    ReplyDelete
  3. Just so you know folks are reading: First charge graph was a bit hard to interpret until I looked down at the 2nd -- is orange dash before or after orange diamond? Now I see.

    "discharge current is wildly variable" -- at first I thought this was amusing (duh, he’s re-building a Porshe...) But I suppose that would still be true if you started with old AMC Gremlin and a smaller motor. In for a penny, in for a pound.


    Rufus.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Hi Rufus. Thanks for the comments. The first charge graph is wavy because of the small resistance in each battery connection. Each cell is connected in parallel and the cells farther from the charger were seeing less voltage due to line losses. Some of the variation you see is me trying to move the charger leads around to get more voltage to the lower cells. The orange dashed line was one of the last measurements I made before turning the charger off. Then I just let the cells sit with the charger off, to passively balance.

      The point about the wildly variable discharge current is that the measured battery voltage after a charge or discharge event is unreliable until the cells rest for 12-24 hours. The charging procedure occurs under more controlled conditions. The charger sets voltage and current, and once I experimentally find the settings that yield the proper resting voltage, I can repeatably charge the cells under controlled conditions. Driving conditions are not as well controlled, and because non-resting voltage is not a reliable measure of battery state of charge, I must take other steps to avoid over discharging the pack – like counting electrons with an amp hour meter and not using the bottom 20% of the pack’s capacity.

      Delete
  4. Hey Joey,

    After reading about tracking the pack's state-of-charge, I wonder if you have decided on a BMS (or not!)

    Mark

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I'm considering the miniBMS or the Elithimate lite. For state of charge I want to get the EMW android display.

      Delete